Ukuthembeka Kwegolide Lomthombo Ophathelene We-Nylon Fabrics

Umvaqo wezithuthi wabona izibonelo ezihlelwe kakhulu ngeminyaka, ngokuthi izimboni zenzululwane zilungise izindlela esebenzisa ngazo ukwenza nezisebenzisa izithuthi. Phakathi kwezi zibonelo ezihlelwe kakhulu, izithuthi ze-nylon zavuka njengeyodwa kuzo zonke izimboni zenhlangano ezinezimali eziphilayo nezikhathalaziyane ezikhona manje. Kusukela ekufakweni kwazo ku-1930s ukuya kusebenziso sawo sokugcwele emva kwezinhlangano eziningi, lezi zinhlangano zenzululwane zazigcina ukubonisa izici ezihlelekile zokusebenza okwaziwa kakhulu, okazenza zibe yisidingo esingapheliwa emva kwenhlelo yokwenza. Isakhiwo sesimilo sezimo se-nylon sisenza izithuthi zinikeze amandla amakhulu, ubunjingili, nesivumelwano sendlela eyahlukene, futhi kuyizo ideal kusebenziso olukhethiwe kuma-clothing edolobha kuze kube kusebenziso semvelaphi ethunywa.

Ukuziqonda Izizathu Ezijulile Zomvaqo Wempilo We-Nylon

Ukuchungechunga Kwegesi NaseSimisini Sesimo

Ubungako beziphawu ezihlukile zase nylon kusekelwe kumodi wakhe wokuchemikhali, okwenzelwa ngamathuluzi amade amathambo amapholayamayide atholakala ngokudluliselana ngamakhonkco amakhulu. Lo modi wasepholayamayide wenza into eyenzela ukuthi ibe nemandla ephakeme yokugaya ngelokhu kuhlala yidlalaqisa phakathi kwezinkinga ezahlukene. Amakhonkconkco phakathi kwezinhlobo zase nylon kusenza ibe yindlela yokuthintela ukuthunjwa nokubuyela emathuleni wakhe ngemva kokugaya. Ukuzwa kulo mdodi wamolekyuli kubalulekile kubazalisi nabangcinga abasebenzisa izibhambo zase nylon ezisebenzela kakhulu lapho ubungako beziphawu kubalulekile kakhulu.

Umthetho wokwakha kuka nylon uwuthuthukisa ukupolymizeka okuhle kwezimonomer ezithile, okwesibonelo kungaba adipic acid ne-hexamethylene diamine kuka nylon 6,6, noma ukuvula isivinini sokupolymizeka kuka caprolactam kuka nylon 6. Lezi zindlela ezahlukene zokwakha zisungulisa izici ezahlukene zombala wesiphetho, sabelana izimali ukwenza izimoto zika nylon ngokulinganayo kumsebenzi wethu. Ubunzima bembali nokucindezelwa okubangelwa ngokuphathelwa kwemipumo kusakhiwo kusenzela izici njengepikithi yokusabela, ukungasayini, nokuzinziswa kwegunya. Lokhu kukhokhelo lwesayensi kusenzela ukwakha kwezinhlobo ezithile zika nylon azikwazi ukudlula izidingo eziphambene kakhulu embangalini yezimali.

Iziphropathi Zomlingo kanye Nezinkokhelo Zokusebenza

Izimodi zokwenza kwezibhamu zonile zizigqamisa kusuka kumakhanda amanzi kanye nezinye izibhamu zokwakhiwa kwiindlela ezimbalwa. Ukuqiniseka kwezibhamu kuyiyo enye yezimiphakathi ezinkulu, ngezibhamu ezinhle zonile ezingakwazi ukuthola ukuthutha okukhulu ngaphandle kokulahlekwa. Lo mgama weqiniso kumgama wokubamba kuyenzela ukuthi izibhamu zibe yindlela engcono yezinto apho ukusebenzisa kwizibhamu kuyiyo eyinkulu, njengezinto zokulwa, izinto zezimoto, kanye nezibhamu eziphumelelayo. Izimodi zokubuyisa kwizibhamu zonile zenzela ukuthi izibhamu zilindele isimo kwayo nokubonakala kwayo naphakade emva kokugquma kanye nokuguquka kwizikhathi eziningi.

Ukuphatha kwezimali kuyinxenye ebalulekileyo yokusebenza kwamanzi akwaziwa ngokuthi amanzi ayaphazanyiswa ngokuncane kunamathambo ethu. Lokhu kukhinda ukuguquka kwezidingo ngokushintshana kwemvula futhi kukwelekelela umsindo wokuthutha kwezithembu ezinhleleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanzi akwaziwa aqhubeka ngokugcina kakhulu emsebenteni futhi aphinde aphathelwe kumsebenzi ohlinzekayo noma okunamandla. Ukudibanisa le mininingwane yamanzi akwaziwa ihlenze indawo yokwenza izinto ezingcono ngokuthinta izici zokusebenza, njengoba ikhona ubungakanani nobubi bempilo ngokudala.

Imithetho Yendalo Yokwakha Nezimiso Zokubonga Ubunzima

Izindlela zokwenza eziqondile

Ukwenza kohlelo lokufakwa kwezibhamu zamaphoyila kuxhomekeke kuze kube nendlela yokuqinisekisa ubumfihlakuse, nokulinganiselana kwesimo senhlanga. Inkathi yokudonsa iqala ngokutheleka kanye nokuthuthwa kwezithuthi zomphoyila wase nylon ngemigqa ethile, ukwakha izikhululo ezigcwele nezilinganiselana kuzidingo zazo. Ukubuyisela intonga futhi kuyisikhathi esibalulekile, ngoba ukuguquguquka kungalungisa isimo sesibhamu esiphelile. Izinhlelo ezivuselelwa zilondoloza izindlela ezifana nokutheleka kwentonga, isivinini sokuthuthwa, nezinkinga zokuhlanya ukuze ziphinde ziphinde ziqinisekise ukuthi ngalinye igama lezibhamu lithole amandla okuphatha.

Umsebenzi wokudlulisela noma ukububisa okwenzelwa ngemuva kwekhiyi yefilamenti kudinga izixhobo ezikhethiwe ezingakwazi ukulawula i-nylon ngezimo zalo eziyingqayizivele futhi zilindele ukulawula uhla lwesimilo kanye nokukhathazeka kwizithelo ezinzima. Izixhobo zamanje zamathiselwe nezibhedele ezilondolozena izindlela ngexesha eliqinileyo ngokuchaza kusuka kumakhompyutha apho kusekelwe emgomo yokuzenzela ekugcineni kwegunya. Lo mgama wokupheliswa kuyakuvikela ukuthi amaphepha we-nylon alinde isilinganiso, ubukhulu, nokungaqondakali komthetho kuzo zonke izahluko zezinyathelo zakhiyi. Izicelo emva kokuzenzela njenge-heat setting kanye nokugcina ngemichiza kuyakwanda kakhulu igunya lephepha kanye nokolaka kumisebenzi ethile ekugcineni.

Ukulula Amalungisi nokuthi Izimo Zokuhlola

Imithetho embijabulo yokulawula ubunzima kudingeka ekunzleni kwamathambo akwenzelwe nayilon ukuthikela ukuthi izinto zihlanza izidingo eziningi eziphambene nezimali ngokwezinga. Imithetho yokuchaza kancane ikhuphela ukubala kwesimo sezimali, ukulinganisa kwebalaselelo nokubonakala kokwenza okungafani. Ukuchazwa okuthile kukhuphela inani lezimali elingatholakala, futhi ukuchazwa okuthile kwenziwa ukubona isimo sokusebenza phakathi kwegcobo lokudonsa. Lezi zilingo zokuchazwa zinika imininingwane engcono kubalaselele nokudizayina abaningi ukuthi bakhetha izinto ezifanelekileyo kuzindlela zithile nezimo zakho.

Ukuchazwa kwezimali kudala indawo ebalulekileyo yezinhlelo zokugcina ubunzima, ngaphandle kwezimali ezigcinelwa kuzimodela yokuzalwa okuphinde kuzama ukuthi kuthintelwe kwezilwane, izinkathi, nezimo zokuchithwa kwezilwane, kanye nezimo zokugcina. Ukuchazwa kwezimbala kusidla ukuthi izimali ezinzululwayo zibuyele ekubeni zibe yini ngokujikeleza kwezimo, ngelikha ukuchazwa kwebunkunzi kusidla ukuthi izimali azizuzi noma aziphindaphinde njengoba zisebenziswa noma zicwashelwe. Lezi zinhlelo zokuchazwa zibangelapha abayimfundi ukuthola izinkinga ezingaba khona ngaphambi kokuthi izinhlelo zifike kubasebenzisi, kanti futhi zinikeza imininingwane engcono yokuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokwakha nezimali.

Ukusebenzisa Kwezimali Kanye Nezinhawu Zomkhakha

Iindustri ZaseMotshini NaseNzululwazi

Umzansi wemoto kuyisibonelo esikhulu kakhulu seziphumakala ezikhuthaza kakhulu izimvane zenasiphequluli ephathelene ngokuphelele, esisebenzisa lezi zimvane emisebenzini engaphandle kwamabhodi njengoko kumele kube nobubi bokushisa nokukhulekelwa kwezinkimbini. Izimvane zamasango, iipleni zamadoda, neheadliners zazinzima ukufaka i-nylon njengoba inobuthwalwa obuhle kanti nakuba isetshenziswa ngeminyaka futhi ibe yisiphakade ekubeni ibe yisiphakade ngenxa yokusebenza kakhulu nokubukeka kwizimo ezahlukene. Inkabi yomoto, iyoilu, nezinkimbini zokucula kwenzeke ikhethwe kakhulu kumasebe amakhanda aphathekile phansi kokucula okusheshayo nokucula okusheshayo.

Kumisebenzi yokuthutha okungaphandle kwemoto, izimoto zenhayi zisenzo isisekelo esikhulu emakhaya kwezimali, kumisebenzi yamanzi, nokusetyenziswa kwezimali ngokuphuma. Umxholo wokwenza izimali wathanda ubunzima obuncane bakenhayi nakungekho ubuchule obukhulu, izici ezihlanganisa ngqo nezibophelo zokuthutha nokusebenza kwezimali. Izinhlayiya zezenhayi ezingavimba ukuvula zixhomekeka ekufaneni nemithetho ephakeme yokhuseleko yezimali zezimali, njengoko ziqinisekisa ukutholakala kwegugu nezibophelo eziphilayo ziyezimali. Umsebenzi wamanzi usebenzisa ukukhathala kwenhayi kumathe amanzi anesalini nokudiliza kuka-UV, okwenzela ukuba kube yisimo esifanelekileyo yiziphiwo zesikhangeli, izixhobo zokuthutha, nezinye izinto zekhaya ngaphandle komlilo wesimanje.

Izithuthi Zomculo Nezisebenzi Ezithile

Umongo wokusebenzisa izimboni zenziwe ngaphandle kwegunya kumelwe kuthuthukise izimboni zasezinjeni zenasistemu yokuhlaka ukusebenzisa ukhono lokulahlwa kwegunya nokubophelela kwegunya lepore ukuze kwenzeke umphathi wehlaka okwenzeka kumehluko egcinwe yigunya. Ukhothazo kwesimanje kumelwe kuthuthukise izimboni zasendleleni, i-pharmaceutical manufacturing, ukuphatha kwegunya, nezinhlelo zokulungisa imvelo lapho ukwahluka kwezimali kumele kube khona.

Iziphakamiso zokuphepha kanye nezinhlelo zokuphepha zibonakala ngumongo omuhle wokuthengwa kwemithwalo ye-nylon engcwele, nokuthi le mithwalo ihlanganiswe ukuze ibe yinkimbinkimbi yokugayaza, ukuphepha kususela kubuchwepheshe, nokuphepha okusheshayo. Izinhlelo zasekhanda kanye nezomphakathi zidinga imithwalo ye-nylon ezingcono ukuze ikhonde izimo ezihlukumele futhi iphinde inikeze ubunzima kanye nokuxhumana kubantu. Ukudala kwemithwalo engeyiyo ye-nylon eyongeza izinto ezinye zokukhupha kakhulu kwenziwe kube khona amandla okuthi akhulise izindawo ezifana nokuphepha kususela kwegidi, i-gloves ezingenagayazelo, kanye nezicathulo zokuphepha ezingavunyelwa ngokujulile kumazwi apholile.

Ukuthatha nokuhlola kwezingca

Ukubuyisela Emuva Kwintengo Nezinqumo Ze-Economy Yekhabhamani

Ukukhathazeka kwezinhlayiya ze-nylon kutheni kuyakha kungcolisa njengoko izimali ziyasebenza ekulawuleni ububi bazo kumhlaba ngelokho kuzohlala kube khona izimo ezihle. Teknoloji yokuphindezela isiphumo sezigaba sizama ukufikelela ekuthuthukiseni izinqamuzana eziphindezelayo ezingcono okwenzekayo ukuthola futhi ukuphindezela izigaba zenhlayiya ye-nylon ukuthi zibe yizinto ezintsha nezinzima. Imithetho yokuphindezela isiphumo iyogquma izinhlayiya ezisetyenzisiwe kuze kube yizimodi zabo, eziyashintshwa emaphindezeleni amakhemikhali njengalokho kubonakala kakhulu. Lokhu kusiza ekulondoleni izinkinga ngokunakekelwa kwesigaba ngelokho kunciphisa udingo lwamagugu amasha atholakala kumindlebe.

Ukuphindezwa kwezobuchwepheshe kuyindlela engenye yokuthuthukisa imfazwe yoncume, eyihlanganisa ukusithola, ukucula nokuphindezwa kwesilimi sezinhlelo zokugcina nezindlu zokwakha. Noma ukuphindezwa kwezobuchwepheshe kungase kube khona ukulahleka kwezici zomthelela, izinyathelo ezintsha ezigcwele kutechnology yokusebenzisa ukubuyekeza ubumnandi bempahla yokucayisika okubuyayo kuze kube yinto ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa kakhulu emisebenzini ethintekayo. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwebhizinisi kuthuthukile ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokubuyisela futhi izinkampani zokuthola ukuze zingcolise impahla yoncume ngemva kokuphela kwesimo sephila kwazo, wenza indlela ephethelene kangaka yokusetshenziswa kwemvelo.

Izinzalo Zezenzo Nezibonelo

Ukuthuthuka kwezinhlelo zokulungiswa kwe-nylon esuselwe kwezithelo zokwaliseka kwezibonelo kuyakhula njengoba abayimfomela bayathatha ukunciphisa ukuthandakala kwezithelo zokwakha ezigcinwe kwezindalo zokungcola, ngelokhu bahlale bakhombisa izici zokusebenza okuphathelene ne-nylon. Ukwenza i-nylon esuselwe kwezithelo zokwaliseka kusebenzisa izithelo ezingcono njengeyoli yesishini noma ezinye izithelo ezigcinwe kwezithelo zokwaliseka ukuhlanganisa izinhlelo eziphathelene ne-nylon ezigcinwe kwezindalo zokungcola. Lezi zinhlelo ezingcono zingakhusela kakhulu inkulu yekhabhoni yokuphuhlisa i-nylon ngelokhu zinikeza ukusebenza okufanayo kakhulu emaphakethini amaningi.

Ukuvutha kwezibhamu zenhayilona ephathele indlela yokuphatha izindlela zokuthola izimboni, ukuthuthwa kwezimali, ukuncipisa inkohlaka, nokusetshenziswa kwamandla. Izindlela ezibalulekile zokudala njenge-solution spinning ne-dry-jet wet spinning zingakhusela amanzi namandla ekuthuthweni ngelikusasa kumlando wokuthuthwa kodwa kuyakhula noma kuyagcina ubunzima bezibhamu. Izixhumanisi ze-life cycle assessment zikunceda abadala ukubala izikhathi zokuthuthwa kwezimali phakathi kwesimo sokuthola izimboni kuze kube nguqobo lokuphela kwalokho okutholakele noma ukucopheleka. Lezi zindlela zonke ezifanayo zokuphepha kuzakwenzela ukuthi izibhamu zenhayilona ziqaleke zihlanganise izidingo zokusebenza futhi zilungise izinkinga zezimali.

Amathulwa Afutshane Namasebe Akusasa

Izibhamu Ezineziciyo Nezinyathelo Zokuhlanganiswa

Ukuthunyelwa kwezinhlelo zempumelelo kumaphepha we-nylon kuyisiphetho esihle kakhulu esingumzamo, ngabasebenzi besayensi bathatha ukuthola indlela yokufaka izikhungo, iziqhamo zokulawula, nezinhlelo ezingathintekayo ngokudla kumthombo waphethwe. Leli phepha le-nylon elinezinhlelo zempumelelo lingasabelazela imithwalo yesimo, lingalawula ukugcinwa kwezixhumanisi noma lingaphendule izixwayiso ezingaphandle njengezinkukhu noma izixwayiso zezinhlelo. Izisebenzo zingaphakathi kwezempilo ezingasabela izindlela zokuphila, kumaqondo ephethwe apho kungalawulwa ukugcinwa kwezixhumanisi noma ukugcinwa ngemizuzu, ekunika imininingwane engcono kumaphepha ekuphathweni ngaphambilini.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwenanotechnology kusizenzelela ekuvutheleni izikhathi eziyinhloso zokuthuthukisa imfazwe yonayloni, ngokusebenzisa izimo ezinamaphakheji ezenzani ukuthuthukisa izimo ezithile njengezenzo yokulima kwezibini, ukulungisa ukuphatha kuka-UV, noma ukukhula kwamandla okuphatha umthubi. Lezi zimo zinokufakwa ngemva kokwakhiwa noma njengeminyaka yokugcina, kuvumela abakhi ukudala izinkampani zonayloni eziyinhloso eziyinhloso zokusebenzela. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezinokulungiswa ngokuzenzakalela kuyisayensi esisha esinokuthinta kakhulu ubude bezinsuku zomsebenzi wemfazwe ngokuvumela izinto ukulungisa izinkinga ezincane ngokuzenzakalela, kuyekisela izidingo zokuphatha kanye nokulungisa ubunzima kanye nokuphatha kwezinhle.

Izinxenye Zokudala Ezahleliwe

Ukuthuthuka kwezinhlelo ephethwe ngokuphelele ezifaka izimoto zenayiloni kuyaphinde kube yinkinga yokuphakama kwebaviyo nokusebenza kwazo. Izinhlelo zihlangene zenayiloni ne-carbon fiber, iglasi fiber, noma ezinye izimpawu ezanikezela izinto zezinhlelo eziphethwe ngokuphelele ezingeniso enkulu yokubili okufanelekile kumisebenzi ye-aerospace, we-automotive, namakhanda. Lezi zinhlelo zingasetshenziswa ukunika izici zezimali ezithile, kuvumela abagcini ukulungisa ukusabalalisa kwemali kumathuba amahle angcono futhi akhululeke kancane.

Ukudweba kwezinhlayiya ezintathu kuyindawo engaphandle yokuvuselela, ngokuthi izindlela zokudweba nezokugaya zenzela izinhlayiya ze-nylon ngezinhlayiya ezikhulu nezinkokhelo eziphathelene. Lezi zinhlayiya ezintathu zingagqamisa izilungelelo zokudonsa komlilo, izisense zomthwalo, noma iziqinisekiso ezinikeza imiphumela embalwa kunazo zonke izinhlayiya eziphelele. Ukuthola izinhlayiya ze-nylon ezintathu zenzela imikhuba emisha yezimo kuzinhlelo zemidwebo, izinhlelo zokuhlola, nezinqamuzana zokudweba apho izinhlayiya eziphethwe ayikwazi ukunika ukuchazwa okudingekayo kwizimo nezinhlayiya.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Kungani izinkinga eziphambene nokudweba kwe-nylon kunazo ezinhlayiyeni zasendle?

Amabhrethi e-Nylon anika izintunto eziningi ngaphaya kwezintlalo, kanye nesimo esihle sezinkimbili kanye nezobukhona, ukumukela kahle kwezikhutha, kanti futhi kunezimo eziqinile ezingavaryeli ngokuvaryela kwezimo. Ngaphandle kwezintlalo, i-Nylon libeke izimo zalo xa libhodwa futhi libushele kahle, lokhu kwenza kube lungekile kumsebenzi waphandle kanye kwezempilo. Isayensi se-Nylon sinalo ukulawula kahle izimo zezibhrethi ngexesha lokwakha, sivumela ukwakha kwemithombo engcwele ngokwesimo esifunwayo.

Kunjani ukuthi izinhlobo ezahlukene zezenhlabathi ze-Nylon ziyahlukana kumasebenzi avo

Izinhlobo ezahlukeneyo zenyline njenge-nylon 6, nylon 6,6, nezinhlobo ezithile zisetshenziswa ngokufakwa kweziciqinisekiso. I-nylon 6,6 ihlinza inikeza iphutha eliphakeme kunesimilo esinamandla, kusenza ibe yisici esifanelekileyo kumasebenzi ezomkhathi nezempilo, ngelixa i-nylon 6 inikeza ukusebenziswa okuhle kakhulu kwayo kwayo kusetshenziswa kakhulu kumasebenzi ekuthwebeni. Izinhlobo ezithile zingasebenzisa izibonakaliso ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuvikela kwe-UV, ukuvikela kwezimbi, noma izici ezithile ezingafanele kumasebenzi apholileyo kwezomkhathi, yomlando, noma kwezempilo.

Kutheni okukhokhelwa uma kusothelwa izibhamu ze-nylon kumasebenzi ekuphatheni?

Ukukhetha imibiza yonqulo yendustri yokwenza nylon kufuneka kube nemininingwane yezimo zokusebenza kanye nezinkinga ezifana nokulingana kwezinkwa, ukubuthwa kwezinkinga, izindlela zokwenza nylon, kanye nezohlelo okufunekayo noma iziphi na izibonakaliso. Kufuneka kube nemininingwane yezivumelwano zokhokhela, ububi bomniki, nokufakwa kwezinsuku eziningi ukuze kugcinwe ubunikwa obugcwele kumasebenzi amakhulu.

Kungani kanjani ukugcina ubude bezinsuku zomshini womthwalo wendalo kumasebenzi aphathelwayo

Ukuphakamisa ubude bekalenda besithuthi sezulu kufuna ukukhetha indima yomthelela nokweqaba okufanele ngokuchaza, kulandela izinyathelo zokufaka nokuphatha. Ukubheka kancane ngezikhathi eziphumelelayo zezenzo, ukucula okwengeziwe futhi usebenzisa izimodi ezifana nezinhlangothi, nokulungiselela kusobala kakhulu kwe-UV noma amatheperechha aphezulu kunesimo esiphatha sizoqobo kuzoholela ekugcineni isikhathi sokusebenza. Ukusebenzisa izinhilo zokuphatha ngaphambi kokuthinta nokubuyisa iziqhamo ngaphambi kokuthintwa kungahlinza isikhathi sokumisa futhi kungahola izindleko ezijwayelekileyo zakhiwo.