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Izinkampani zezincwadi zazibiza ngokuphambuka kwezincwadi zokusebenza ngokupheleleyo, ubukhulu bokubaluleka, nokubaluleka kwemali. Le ncwadi yezinkampani, okwakhiwe kusasa ngeminyaka yase-1940, yasendaweni yezincwadi eziningi ezisetyenziswa kuzo konke amathuba, kusukela emazweni okusebenza kumaqanda kuya kumazweni okusebenza kwezincwadi zokusebenza. Ukujabula iziphumo zokubaluleka kwezincwadi zokusebenza kuyakunceda abavendeli nezithu zokusebenza ukuzifunda ngokupheleleyo ngokuthi ziyiphi izincwadi zokusebenza zokufanele zizisebenze. Izindlela zokusebenza zalesi ncwadi yezinkampani ziyisibonelo esihle sokusebenza kuzo konke amathuba apho izincwadi zezinhlobo zokusebenza zokubaluleka zingafika kubukhulu bokusebenza noma ubude bokusebenza.
Ubukhulu Bokubaluleka Nobude Bokusebenza
Ubukhulu Bokubaluleka Kwemithambo Yokuqondisa
Umbono wemolekyuli we-polyester fabric uyathatha indawo yezindawo zokuphakama ezinkulu okungafani nempilo yezindawo zokuphakama. Le mithi yesintu isinamandla okukhula kakhulu futhi isinamandla okukhula ngaphandle kokugqibela noma ukuphatha kwakho umbono wakho wokuphakama. Izihlangu zepolymers zika-polyester zisetha umkhondo othile okuyoba yindlela yokubeka ubuhle bokuphakama ngemiphumela yezindawo zokuphakama. Amasipho abanamandla okusebenza kwezinto zokuphakama ayisebenzisa i-polyester fabric kuzo zizindlela zokuphakama lapho ukugqibela akukho khetha. Indlela yokuphakama kusuka kumkhondo kwezinto zokuphakama iyisifundo sokuphakama kusuka kumkhondo kwezinto zokuphakama, okuyoba yindlela yokuphakama kusuka kumkhondo kwezinto zokuphakama.
Izindlela zokwenziwa kwezinto zizokuthuthukisa kabanzi izinkulungwane zokuphakama kwemifanekiso yezincwadi zasepolyester. Izindlela ezide ekuhlangeneni nokuzilungiselela ngokuchemicali kuvuselela ukukhula kwebhafu ekuphakameni kwezinkinga zokusebenza. Izindlela zokuhlola ubukhulu zivumela ukuthi izinkulungwane zokuphakama zibe yisibonelo esifanayo kuzo zonke izigaba zokwenziwa. Lezi zizindlela zizokuthuthukisa izisebenzo zezincwadi zasepolyester kuqembu olwaphansi kwamagugu okunye amasintu okunye okusuka ematshaleni. Ubukhulu bezinkulungwane zokuphakama bakhetha lezi zinkwadi njengokwahluka kokubheka isikhundla sokuphakama.
Ukungcola Kwamathuba Ophaweni
Ukuhamba kwezinhlobo zemvelo kuyisibonelo esikhulu esinye sokuthi ipolyester fabric isebenza kangakanani kulokho okwenzelwa ngemvelo. Lokhu kubanga kwezinhlobo zemvelo kubonakala ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezinkulu zokuphatha kwe-ultraviolet radiation, kungabhekisi ukuthi kuzoba nokuthi kusukela kuhlela kanye nokuphula kwezihlabathi phakathi kweminyaka eyingi yokubhekisa. Isimo sezinhlobo zemvelo zepolyester sibonakalisa ukuthi kunezinhlobo zokuphatha kwezinhlobo zezimithi zokuhlala. Ukukhathazeka kwezilwane zokuphatha kuyinikela ukuthi akukho ukuthi kubhaleka, ukuthi kubhaleka kwezilwane zokuphatha, nokuthi kubhaleka kwezilwane zokuphatha ozizenzela izinhlobo zemvelo. Lokhu kubonakalisa ukuthi ipolyester fabric iyasebenza kumaqondo asekhaya kanye noma kumaqondo asezingeni lokusebenza okubi.
Ukubulawa kwezintemperatura kufaka isibonelo esincane kumkhawulo wokuphatha kwezinto zokusebenza kwemithambo yepolyester. Amathambo okusakaza ayabulawa izinto zabo ngaphansi kwemiphahla yezintemperatura engaphezulu njengoba ayagqibela ukuguqula ukubili kwazo. Ukuphatha kwezinkemikheli kuyilinda ukugqibela ukuthi kuhlelwe ngamazinyo amaningi, amafutha, nokuchitha izinkemikheli. Lokhu kucatshangwa ngokuphelele kokuphatha kwezinhloso kuzisa isikhathi sokusebenza kwamathuba okwepolyester, kunciphisa izindleko zokushintsha nokubhalisa izindleko zokuphatha kwezinto zokusebenza ngokugcwele.
Ukuncipha Kwezindleko nokufuna Izindleko Zokuphatha
Izindlela Zokuphatha Ngokuphelele
Ukuphatha kwemithambo yepolyester kubika izindleko ezinkulu ngokulingana nesikhundla sezinkhuni zokuphatha. Izindlela zokuphatha zokusakaza zinakukhomba ukuthi kubhekwa kakhulu ngokuphelele kanye nokuvimba ukuthi kubhekwa kakhulu ngokuphelele kodwa kunciphisa ukuthi kubhekwa kakhulu ngokuphelele kwezinto zokuphatha kwezinkhuni. Amasiteki okuphatha amakhulu anakuphatha umthwalo wepolyester ngokuphambili ngaphandle kwezinkinga zokugcina okuzokubangela ukungafikiwa kwezinye izihlangothi zezinhlobo zezincwadi zokuphatha. Izinhlelo zokuproducwa ezisemthethweni zizocima izindleko zokusebenza futhi zizoyenza ukuproducwa kubaluleke kakhulu. Lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza ziyagcina izindleko zokuthengiselwa kwezinto eziproductiwini ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokucimiswa kwezimali zokuphatha isibonelo sokujabulisana.
Ukufikiwa kwezinhlobo zezincwadi ziyakubiza isibonelo esinye sokuthengiselwa kwezincwadi zepolyester. Izinhlobo zezincwadi zokuphatha ezisemphakathi kwezinkole zokuphatha ziyabiza indlela yokuphatha eyodwa noma yikuphi umlando wokugcina, kanti ukubuyisela kwasezindaweni ziyabiza ukuthi abaproducwa baphinde baphinde babuyezele izinto ezisemthethweni ezisemthethweni ezizokuphatha izincwadi zepolyester, okuhleza kakhulu izindleko zokuphatha. Ukuthuthukisa kwezinhlelo zokuproducwa ziyabiza ukuthi kusakhiwe amandla okuproducwa ngokushesha ukuthi akwazi kuthola ukuthi kuyatholakala ngokushesha ngaphandle kokuthi kuyatholakala ngokushesha kwezincwadi zezinhlobo zezincwadi.
Isiphakamiso Senani Lesikhathi Eside
Ukuphakanyiswa kwesikhathi sokusemthethweni kwezinto zokusebenza zefabrike yepolyester kusinika ubungakanani obukhulu ngemvula yezindawo zokusebenza nezinkampani. Ukunciphisa ukubuyiselwa kungenza ukuthi ikhanda eliphelelayo lokusebenza libe lincane ngaphakathi kwesikhathi sokusebenza kwesithombe. Ukuncipha ukusebenzisa izindlela zokuhlela kungenza ukuthi izindlela zokusebenza zibekwe emva kwezinye izindlela zokusebenza zepolyester. Ukuthi le mafabrike ayisikhiwe kungavuthi ukuthi isithombe sibekwe ngaphakathi kwezinye izindlela zokusebenza noma sibekwe ngaphakathi kwezinye izindlela zokusebenza. Lezi zinto zihlanganisa ukuthi kwenzeke indlela yokusebenza yokuthenga izinto zepolyester ngaphezu kwezinye izindlela zokusebenza.
Ukuhlanganisa kwezimali yokuqonda kwakhiwa kwezinkulungwane zokusebenza kubonisa isiphumo sokuhlanganisa kwezimali yokuqonda kwakhiwa kwezinkulungwane zokusebenza kwezinkulungwane zezincwadi zokusebenza. Umthwalo omncane waleli qondo ubuyisa izindleko zokuhambisa nokufuna umsebenzi wokusebenza. Izinhlaka zokuphela kusasa zizimiselela izindleko zomsebenzi wokuphatha nokucisha. Ubunzima bokusebenza kwezincwadi zokusebenza kubonisa ukuthi kungasekelwa ukuthi kubhekwe indawo yokugcina amasiko futhi kuzimiselela ukuthi kungabonakala okuningi kokuthi kufuneka kubhekwe ukuthi kubhekwe izindawo zokuthengiswa kwebhizinisi ezisebenzisa izincwadi eziningi.
Amanqaku Amahle Okusetyenziswa
Izinhlaka Zokuphatha Amadluli
Indwangu yesimanje ye-polyester ifaka ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokulawula umswakama obuthuthukisa induduzo nokusebenza kahle. Izakhiwo zokufaka amanzi zithutha umswakama usuke esikhunjeni uye ebusweni bendwangu ukuze uphele ngokushesha. Lezi zici zenza indwangu ye-polyester ibe yinto ekahle kakhulu yokugqoka kwezemidlalo nokusebenza lapho ukulawula umswakama kubalulekile. Imvelo yokwenziwa kwezintambo ivumela ukuklanywa okunembile kokuthungwa nokwelashwa komhlaba ukuze kwenziwe kahle ukuthuthwa komswakama. Abakhiqizi bangenza ngezifiso lezi zakhiwo ukuze bahlangabezane nezidingo ezithile zokusebenza zokusetshenziswa kokugcina okuhlukile.
Amaphayela okukhupha kusuka emanzini ayathola indlela eyodwa yokuthuthukisa ukuthi amafabrikhi asepoliyesitha ayasebenza ngokuhle ngezinto zokunqamula. Isivinini sokuthatha amanzi esincane sikhupha umfanekiso wokuthi umthwalo wamafabrikhi awungabi yisikhulu xa ushwele, futhi kusiza ekubuyiseleni kwezinsuku zokushwele kusasa. Le ndlela yasemthwakweni yinkululeko eyodwa kumasevisi asekhaya nokusebenza kwezindustria lapho izinsuku zokuvula kusasa zingahluke kakhulu. Ukuthintana kwezinsuku zokushwele kwezifabrikhi zasepoliyesitha kusiza ekungakwazi ukushintsha noma ukugcina ukushintsha okungenziwa ngamafabrikhi amaduna njengalokhu kuzoba kubonakala.
Amaphayela Okuphatha Ukuthakazelisa
Izinkulungwane zokugcina isikhati sezincwadi zase-polyester zinokubhekwa ngokuthi zinakho ukuphatha okuhambisana nokugcina isikhati noma ukuthi ziyabheka kakhulu. Ukuguqula kwesakhiwo sezifibha kusiza abasemthwakweni ukwenza izinto ezihlukahlukene, kusukela kwezinye ezingakhi zokugcina isikhati kuya kwezinye ezingakhi ukubheka kakhulu. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi izincwadi zase-polyester zinokusebenza kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinsizakalo, kusukela kwezincwadi zomkhosi wokuphela emnyangeni kuya kwezincwadi zokudlala umshado wokuphela emnyangeni. Isimo sezinto ezisemthwakweni zisiza ukuthi izinkulungwane zokugcina isikhati zibe yisibonelo esihlukahlukene, kodwa akazange zihlukane ngokusha kwamaphetha noma izimo zezinsizakalo ezingaphansi kwazo. Izindlela zokwenza izinto eziphelele zihlala zihambisa izinkulungwane zokugcina isikhati zezincwadi zase-polyester.
Amathuluzi okugcina nokususa umthelela kungahlelwa ngamathuluzi amaningi okuhlela nokuhlela izihlangothi. Amathuluzi amancane akhuthaza izikhumba zomoya ozokubeka ukugcina kahle futhi ekhupha isibonelo sokugcina ubude lwemithwalo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amakhono okuvula kuyabiza umoya nokususa umthelela kufundisa ukuchitha. Ukwenza lokhu kungahlelwa kungabiza ukuthi isikhumba sesipholile sisebenza kumaphuzu oluncane apho kudingeka ukukhokhela umbala wokuphatha.
Amadvantages Okukhathala Nokuhlola
Amathuluzi Okukhathala Okunengcindezi
Ukuthi ipoliesta ayidingi ukugcina kakhulu kuyabika iziphakamiso ezinkulu zokusebenza kubantu abasebenzisa kumazwe nebantfu abasebenzisa emuva kwemithombo. Amashini okugcina amandla kanye namadetergenti amandla akhona amahle ukugcina ipoliesta ngaphandle kokudinga ukusebenzisa izindlela eziphathelene nesikhundla esithile noma izindlela ezithile. Izifibha zezinhlobo zokwenza ziyabuka ukungafani nokufana nokubukwa kanye ziyavumela ukususa kahle kwezinye izinto ezingenakho. Ukubuka kwezinhlobo zokwenza ukuthi kuzosholwa izinkampani zokugcina ezingcono uma kudingeka ngaphandle kokuvula isithakazelo sesikhundla. Lezi zindikimbo zizihlala isikhathi nesikhundla sokugcina izinto zokusebenza zepoliesta.
Ukubaluleka kwezihlanu kubonisa indlela eyodwa yokuhlinzekisa izinhlanganisi zezincwadi zepolyester eziphelele. Amaphathi amasintetiko ayabona amakhemikhali ngokuphelele, kubhekisa ukuthi amakhemikhali ashindwe kusukela ekufutsheni futhi ayabuyisela isikhundla sakho ngeminye imikhumbuzo yokuqhubeka kokufutsha. Lokhu kunciphisa inkinga yokunqoba izindaba zokuhlinzekisa okulinganayo futhi kuvumela ukufutsha kwezinto ezihlukahlukene ngaphandle kokushinda kwamakhemikhali. Ukubaluleka kwezinhlanganisi zezincwadi zepolyester kubhekisa ukuthi izinhlanganisi zezincwadi ziyadlula isikhundla sakho ngeminye imikhumbuzo yokuqhubeka kokufutsha.
Izithuba zokugcina nokuphatha
Izinkambo zezincwadi zezincwadi ziyadinga izindlela eziningi zokugcina nokusebenzisa kunezinye izinkambo zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi. Lezi zinkambo zezincwadi zingazange zihlukwe kwezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi zezincwadi......
Ukuhlanzwa kwamazincwadi zezincwadi kusiza ekugcineni ngokufuphi ngaphandle kokuhlanzwa okuphambili noma ukuvulwa kwezinkambo. Izinkambo zezincwadi ziyabuyela kuqala ngokubuyela kwezinkambo emva kokuvulwa noma kokuvulwa. Lokhu kusiza kakhulu ekusebenzeni apho ukugcina ngokufuphi kusiza. Ukusebenza kwamazincwadi zezincwadi ngokuphelele emva kokugcina kude kusiza ekuboniseni ukuthi kunezinkinga zokukhula okuphelele.
Izidingo Zamanje Nokuphila Kusasa
Iziphumo Zokubuyisela Emuva Nokusebenza Kwesikhala Somkhakha
Ukuproducwa kwezinhlobo zezincwadi zesi-Modern polyester kuzokwakhiwa ngokuvamile kwezintechinoloji zokubuyisela emuva ozokwenza ukuthi isikhala somkhakha sisebenze ngokuphelele. Amabhotile we-plastic okuphela kwabantu nokungena kwemithombo yezincwadi kungasuswa ukuze kwenziwe izincwadi zesi-polyester eziphelele kakhulu. Lokhu kunciphisa ukuthi kushiyelwe kwezincwadi zesi-petroleum ezingapheli, ngakho kuhlinzeka ukuthi izincwadi zihlakazekile kwezindawo zokuhlakaza. Izintechinoloji zokubuyisela emuva eziphelele zihlinzeka ukuthi izincwadi zesi-polyester ezibuyiselwe emuva zihlala zinezinkundla zokusebenza zazo, futhi akukho kulula kokugcina ubukhulu. Ukuthi izincwadi zesi-synthetic zingasebenza ngendlela yokufaka emuva kuyenza amaphuzu okusebenza ngokuphelele kwezinhlobo zokuproducwa ezinomkhakha.
Izinteknoloji zokubuyisela kuzinto ezihlukahlukene zikhulisa kancane, kusivumela ukubuyisela kuzinto ngamaphuzu amaningi ngaphandle kokugwala kwezinkinga zezinto zokufaka emkhakheni zezinto zokufaka emkhakheni. Lezi zindlela zisivumela ukufikwa kwemizamo yokuqinisekisa ubuhle obuhle ngokudala ngaphandle kokugwala kwezinkinga zezinto zokufaka emkhakheni. Izinkampani zokufaka emkhakheni nezinkampani zokufaka emkhakheni zihlanganile ukuqala izinkampani zokufaka emkhakheni nezinkampani zokufaka emkhakheni zokufaka emkhakheni.
Ukusebenzisa kahle kwezimali kwemvelo
Amehluko emisebenzi yokuproducwa kwenza ukuthi izinkinga zokusebenzisa imvelo zokuproducwa kwemali yepolyester kwezinye ngokulingana nokuproducwa kwesikhathi esidala. Amasiteki okuproducwa okwamanje ayasebenzisa amasistimu okubuyela imvelo futhi ayavumela ukuvumela izinhlelo zokusebenza ukuze kwenziwe ubuncinane bokungafani kwezinhlelo zokusebenza. Ukulingana kokuproducwa kwemali yepolyester kwenza ukuthi kubhekwe kahle imvelo ngokulingana nokukhula kwezinhlelo zokuproducwa kwemali yezindawo ezihlukene. Amaphuzu okuzimiswa akhuluma kakhulu ukuthi kubhekwe kahle imvelo kokuproducwa kwemali yepolyester.
Ukuthenga kwemali yepolyester kusiza ekuthengeni kwemvelo kwezinhlelo zokuthengisa. Ukungabi nombila kwaleli mali kwenza ukuthi kungabi nembala yemvelo yokuqondisa lapho kuthengiswa futhi kuthengiswa. Ukuthenga kwemali yokuqondisa kusiza kakhulu ekuthengeni kwemvelo. Lezi zinto ziyahlukumeza ukuthi kungabi nembala yemvelo yepolyester kusukela ekuproducweni kuya kusetshenziswa kwezinye izinhlelo.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Ipolyester iyahlukana kanjani ne-cotton ngokwesibonelo?
Izinkampani zase-Polyester ziyathola ubukhulu obuhle kunezinkampani zase-cotton ngokwesibonelo sezinkampani zase-synthetic polymer. Nakuba i-cotton yinkampani engenakho emhlabeni eyakhiwe ngokuphelele, iyadlula ngokuphatha kanye nokushaya kwezinye izikhathi, izinkampani zase-polyester ziyabuqasha ubukhulu bazo kanye nezinkampani zabo ngeminye imikhathi. Umthwalo wase-synthetic wase-polyester uyathola ubukhulu obuhle kusukela kuzo kwezinkinga zokushaya, ukushintsha kanye nokubhala kwemibala. Kodwa, i-cotton iyathola iziphumo ezinye njengezinhloso zokufika kwezinye izindawo kanye nezinhloso zokuphelele ezingenakho okungafuneka kwezinye izindawo.
Ngakwenzeka ukuthatha kabusha izinkampani zase-polyester ngokuhle
Yebo, amafabrikhi e-polyester angatholakala kahle ngemisebenzi yezibonelo nezichemikhali. Umsebenzi wokutholakala ngokwesibonelo uyaphakama amafabrikhi e-polyester esetshenziswe ku-mifibrili okungavakwa kabusha emfabrikhi entsha, futhi umsebenzi wokutholakala ngokwesichemikhali uyabuyisa indawo ku-mifo yayo yezimfano ukuze kwenziwe kabusha. Isivinini sokutholakala nokukhulu komfanekiso we-polyester etholakalwe kusobala kubuye kubuye ngenkathi izintechinoloji ziyagcina ukuphambuka. Abaproduswa abaningi manje bafaka i-percenti enkulu yezinto ezitholakalwe kuzo kumsebenzi wabo wokuproducwa kwe-polyester.
Izinto eziphansi kakhulu ze-polyester
Izindlela zokungafaneleka kwe-polyester fabric ziyinkimbinkimbi ezinkulu zokuthi kuyisibonelo se-petroleum, ukwakha kwe-static electricity, nokungabi nesibonelo sokufihla komoya kunezinhlobo zamadoda. Abantu abaningi bafuna ukuthi i-polyester fabric ayikho kubuhlungu emseleni wabo, ikakhulu ekuseni esikhanyayo. Iqiniso le-synthetic liyakwakha ukuthi libe yinkimbinkimbi yokugcina amaphuzu kunezinhlobo zamadoda. Kodwa, izindlela zokuphatha kwezinsizakhi zezindaba zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizakhi zezinsizak......
I-polyester fabric iyisisekelo sokugcinwa kwezinhlobo zamadoda?
Izifomula zezincwadi zepolyester ezintsha ziyajabuliswa ngokujulile kubabantu bonke, kubantu abanemikhono emhlabathini, uma zihlanganisiwe noma zihlehlwe ngokuphelele. Izincwadi zepolyester eziningi zihlanganiswa ngamathuba okususa izinkemikhali ezingahloniphi nokuthuthukisa ukuvutha kwesandla. Kodwa, abantu abanemikhono esithile kufanele bakhombise izincwadi eziphanda kabusha kabefore ukusebenzisa kakhulu. Izinhlanganiso zezincwadi zepolyester nezincwadi zezindawo zizokubiza isibonelo esihle phakathi kwezinkinga zokusebenza nokuhlelwa kwesandla kubantu abanemikhono.